Book by: Mahmoud Refaat International law is a system of laws governing state-to-state interactions. Individuals and international institutions are two most active and important components of modern international law, yet this archaic definition leaves them out, indicating how far the field has gone. Furthermore, viewing international law as a collection of rules is no longer accurate; rather, it is a …

Buy the book from HERE The intent frequently noted for enforcing sanctions is the wish to solve a conflict without mass struggling and different poor outcomes related to war. This takes a look at places this assumption into context and evaluates whether or not the usage of sanctions is a doable manner to obtain worldwide peace and safety or is …

Introduction In December 2019, the European Commission presented the European Green Deal committing to climate nutrality by 2050. The European Green Deal (EGD) can be considered as a roadmap of key policies for the EU’s climate agenda, based on which the Commission has started, and will continue to develop, legislative proposals and strategies from 2020 onwards (Siddi, 2021). The European …

Since September 2020, a war has been raging between Azerbaijan and Armenia over power in the Nagorno-Karabakh area resulting in more than 6,000 deaths. The Karabakh region is disputed on mainly historical grounds by both Azeris and Armenians. The Azeris claim that the region has always been under Azeri rule in known history; by contrast the Armenians advance the claim …

By Mahmoud Refaat: The European Institute for International Law and International Relations. The region where modern day Libya is situated has a rich history concerning the different societies that have passed there. From evidence of the Berber people to the Phoenicians, and from the Islamic rule to the Ottomans, Libya has been the stage of many struggles amongst a variety …