Turkey has become the focus of criticism for its unilateralism, mainly due to its recent actions in the Eastern Mediterranean, such as the oil exploration and search activities and the agreements reached with the GAN in Libya. The situation has generated tension and contributed to the formation of two fronts, one composed of Greece, Cyprus, Egypt and Israel, and the …

South Africa has witnessed unusual violence in its recent history since the end of the apartheid regime. The streets of Johannesburg facing widespread looting and social unrest. The protesters were marching with sticks, golf clubs and branches, breaking shops and stores (BBC, 2021 “ South Africa deploys military to tackle Zuma riots”).  The death toll from nearly a week of …

The Republic of Cuba has been organized through a communist political system since 1959 based on the “one state, one party” principle. Actually, the Cuban Constitution, approved in 2019 through a referendum, protects the role of the Communist Party of Cuba (PCC) by providing that it is “the leading force of society and of the state” and as such, it …

 The world now sits at the face of an entirely new frontier, one that possess certain challenges of the past but also one that is entirely new. It mirrors the arrival of Europeans to the New World and the subsequent generations that moved westward across the contiguous United States. However, unlike the frontier that was faced around the 18th and …

On 9 July 2011 the Republic of South Sudan achieved independence, concluding what had been Africa’s longest civil war. The process leading to independence was driven by the Sudan People’s Liberation Army/Movement, an insurgency force and political movement begun in South Sudan but intent on bringing about the reformed unity of the whole of Sudan through revolution. After the Comprehensive …

 Among these, cyber threat is the most advanced, complicated and ungoverned in the realm of interstate relations in view of technological advancement, lawlessness of cyberspace and widening scope of the arena (Rias Shad, 2018). Globalisation, a permanent and growing phenomenon today, allows the diffusion of new means of communication (NICT), making the Internet a prominent universal space accessible to all …

Lebanon is a small but ethnically diverse country located on the eastern coast of Mediterranean. During the past two decades, Lebanon has undergone turbulent times including civil war, military intervention, Israeli occupation, economic crisis, internal conflicts (Winslow, 2012). During the period of civil war, 1975–90, Lebanon was severely attacked by the violence that pervaded the country. Its economic and infrastructural …

Yemen’s civil war has been ongoing since 2015, with an estimated death toll as high as 100,000 including more than 12,000 civilian deaths (Magdy, 2019). It has now been recognised as the worst humanitarian crisis globally with over 20 million people in Yemen facing food insecurity and 14 million requiring some form of urgent humanitarian assistance (UNHCR, 2019). However, the …

The use of cryptocurrencies has exploded in recent times, from Bitcoin to Ethereum there is today a fairly wide range of options of these types of currencies, which it has been speculated, may bring major changes to the use and ownership of money. The cryptocurrency that has attracted a significant amount of attention is the new electronic Chinese yuan (e-CNY), …

The Horn of Africa is currently being the stage of a high-stakes power struggle between a local faction in the Tigray region and the current Ethiopian government. The articulations in Ethiopian society are characterized by several ethnic groups who, throughout time, have engaged in cooperation and conflict with each other, and the people in the Tigray have been active members …