In 2021, after the Western-backed Afghan government dramatically collapsed, the Taliban acquired full power and control over the country. However, three years later and having held de facto control over Afghanistan since 2021, the Taliban has still not been recognised as the legitimate government of the country by most states as well as the United Nations. The situation is, nevertheless, …

The conflict in Israel and Gaza which was re-ignited following the October 7th attacks committed by Hamas is heavily polarised perceivable in media and in public opinion. The different facets of the conflict are put up for debate, a phenomenon which also transpires in multicultural diverse European societies. Indeed, the polarisation of the conflict benefits certain extremist ideologies who are …

The consequences of the fall of a strategically secondary country like Afghanistan will reverberate for years at the international level. The main challenges after the fall of Kabul have been the stabilization of the country to avoid migratory flows and a new wave of Islamist terrorism. Following the 9/11 attack, the United States launched the invasion of Afghanistan in 2001 …

One of the principal objectives of peace processes is to end armed fighting; however, there has almost never been reported cases in which violence has effectively stopped following the start of the negotiations. As a matter of fact, violence tends to increase right before, during or immediately following the signing of a peace agreement. The subsequent time after having signed …

While looting antiquities is not a new phenomenon, nowadays the illicit flow of cultural objects is ranked as the third-highest-grossing annual criminal trade worldwide, after drugs and arms. According to the 1999 United Nations Global Report, the yearly value of illicit antiquities trafficking is estimated at around 7.8 billion, behind drugs (160 billion) and arms (100 billion). Thus, it is …

The very same day France withdrew its last military unit from Mali, signaling the end of almost a decade-long operation at the Sahel region that left the country in a crisis, Mali’s foreign affairs Minister, Abdoulaye Diop, in a letter sent to the United Nations Security Council accused France for supporting local armed groups. In the letter, Abdoulaye Diop argues …

Over the past two decades the ransomware attacks have been increased radically by moderating -at the same time- the operational procedure from a simple opportunistic exploitation to well orchestrated process. The main goal of ransomware is to extort money by targeting not only individuals, but companies as well through encryption of their data. The attackers hold the encryption key, which …

COVID-19 was revealed in March 2020 and since then it has moderated completely the modus operandi of our lives. The consequences were numerous, from economic to social aspects and beyond, including security and security management as well. Given the new environment of restrictions and adjustments, there are some challenges that have occurred, due to the impact of extreme measures in …

The History between the two countries goes a long way, since 1955 Moscow had provided military training and warfare material to Afghanistan and supported the PDPA, the at-the-time recently government installed upon Marxist ideology, which then split and whose more radical faction decided to improve relations with the U.S rather than following the soviet influence, these happenings eventually led to …

During the last 20 years, the threat of terrorism has completely shaped countries’ foreign policies. The East-West dichotomy of the Cold War was side-lined with the end of the communist endeavour figured by the Soviet Union, however, other dynamics took place, and one of them has categorically been the rise of terrorism. Following these changes, this essay pretends to register …